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Cardiovascular Disease and the Omega-3

Cardiovascular Disease and the Omega-3

For several decades, it has been known that Greenland Eskimos experience lower rates of heart disease than populations lacking in fish consumption. Their diet, comprised of cold-water fish, seal, and whale, is high in Omega-3 content. Since the observation that populations high in fish consumption have lower rates of heart disease and other health problems, compelling scientific evidence has amassed showing that the Omega-3 essential fatty acids EPA and DHA help protect a healthy heart and also reduce the risks of cardiovascular disease. The American Heart Association (AHA) now recommends the dietary intake of Omega-3s for both individuals with, and without, heart disease, and the US Food and Drug Administration has even issued a qualified health claim for the role of Omega-3s in helping to reduce coronary heart disease.

A multitude of clinical trials have shown that Omega-3 fatty acid supplements can reduce the risk of a number of different cardiovascular events, including sudden death, arrhythmias, heart attacks, and strokes. Studies of individuals who have survived a heart attack show that Omega-3s may decrease the risk of a second heart attack by nearly 30%, while individuals consuming even a moderate amount of Omega-3s may reduce their risk of a stroke by 50%. While it is not precisely known why Omega-3s confer such cardiovascular protective effects, it is likely that they work through several different mechanisms of action.

The Omega-3s EPA and DHA help reduce platelet aggregation, which inhibits the build-up of plaque and blood clots in arteries supplying the heart and the brain. In addition to their effect on platelets, Omega-3s have potent anti-inflammatory effects, and act to decrease harmful inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and interleukins, all of which may contribute to vascular damage. Numerous studies also confirm the important role that Omega-3s play in decreasing high triglycerides, a type of fat that can lead to arterial damage and now recognized as an independent risk factor for heart disease. The AHA recommends that patients who need to lower their triglycerides should take 2-4 grams of EPA + DHA per day.

Other potential cardiovascular benefits of Omega-3s include lowering blood pressure and improving vascular tone. Demographic studies of certain populations that consume more fish in their diets suggest that Omega-3s may also improve HDL, the body’s “good cholesterol.” Some clinical trials suggest that Omega-3s may also improve the body’s balance of HDL and LDL cholesterol, though further studies will help clarify just how Omega-3s influence this cholesterol profile.

The American Heart Association now recommends the consumption of Omega-3 essential fatty acids for overall heart health, adding further that individuals with documented heart disease consume about 1 gram per day of EPA + DHA. Individuals with high triglycerides may benefit from higher doses of EPA and DHA but treatment should be carried out under a physician’s care. Supplementing one’s diet with an adequate amount of Omega-3s to promote cardiac health can be safely done with high-purity supplements free of environmental contaminants.

Source: www.omax3.com

Cardiovascular Disease and the Omega-3

Cardiovascular Disease and the Omega-3

For several decades, it has been known that Greenland Eskimos experience lower rates of heart disease than populations lacking in fish consumption. Their diet, comprised of cold-water fish, seal, and whale, is high in Omega-3 content. Since the observation that populations high in fish consumption have lower rates of heart disease and other health problems, compelling scientific evidence has amassed showing that the Omega-3 essential fatty acids EPA and DHA help protect a healthy heart and also reduce the risks of cardiovascular disease. The American Heart Association (AHA) now recommends the dietary intake of Omega-3s for both individuals with, and without, heart disease, and the US Food and Drug Administration has even issued a qualified health claim for the role of Omega-3s in helping to reduce coronary heart disease.

A multitude of clinical trials have shown that Omega-3 fatty acid supplements can reduce the risk of a number of different cardiovascular events, including sudden death, arrhythmias, heart attacks, and strokes. Studies of individuals who have survived a heart attack show that Omega-3s may decrease the risk of a second heart attack by nearly 30%, while individuals consuming even a moderate amount of Omega-3s may reduce their risk of a stroke by 50%. While it is not precisely known why Omega-3s confer such cardiovascular protective effects, it is likely that they work through several different mechanisms of action.

The Omega-3s EPA and DHA help reduce platelet aggregation, which inhibits the build-up of plaque and blood clots in arteries supplying the heart and the brain. In addition to their effect on platelets, Omega-3s have potent anti-inflammatory effects, and act to decrease harmful inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and interleukins, all of which may contribute to vascular damage. Numerous studies also confirm the important role that Omega-3s play in decreasing high triglycerides, a type of fat that can lead to arterial damage and now recognized as an independent risk factor for heart disease. The AHA recommends that patients who need to lower their triglycerides should take 2-4 grams of EPA + DHA per day.

Other potential cardiovascular benefits of Omega-3s include lowering blood pressure and improving vascular tone. Demographic studies of certain populations that consume more fish in their diets suggest that Omega-3s may also improve HDL, the body’s “good cholesterol.” Some clinical trials suggest that Omega-3s may also improve the body’s balance of HDL and LDL cholesterol, though further studies will help clarify just how Omega-3s influence this cholesterol profile.

The American Heart Association now recommends the consumption of Omega-3 essential fatty acids for overall heart health, adding further that individuals with documented heart disease consume about 1 gram per day of EPA + DHA. Individuals with high triglycerides may benefit from higher doses of EPA and DHA but treatment should be carried out under a physician’s care. Supplementing one’s diet with an adequate amount of Omega-3s to promote cardiac health can be safely done with high-purity supplements free of environmental contaminants.

Source: www.omax3.com

Overview of the Omega-3 Essential Fatty Acids

0) location.href=this[this.selectedIndex].value;"> Select the Research Topic Page to Review Overview Cardiovascular Mental Health & the Nervous System Immune, Joints and Pain Lupus and Omega-3s About Omega-3s Inflammatory Disorders Fibromyalgia and Omega 3 Supplements Male Reproduction

Overview of the Omega-3 Essential Fatty Acids Omega-3 fatty acids are often referred to as “essential” fatty acids (EFAs) because they are needed for human health but are not sufficiently produced by the body alone. The two major health promoting Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). EPA and DHA are naturally found in certain cold-water fatty fish such as salmon, tuna, and mackerel. They can also be derived in the body from alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), which is an Omega-3 found in certain seeds and plant-based oils. However, the body is very inefficient at converting ALA into EPA and DHA, which is why these Omega-3s must be obtained in the diet. Over the last century, the modern diet has become largely depleted of these Omega-3 essential fatty acids and has become overloaded with pro-inflammatory Omega-6 fatty acids, especially arachidonic acid. This heavy imbalance of Omega-6 to Omega-3 fatty acids in the modern diet is thought to lead to an overall inflammatory state that contributes to certain diseases. The increased consumption of vegetable oils and shortenings, beef, and dairy is one of the major reasons for the high amount of Omega-6s in the diet and the imbalance between Omega-6 to Omega-3 fatty acids. The North American population, in particular, has among the lowest dietary intake of Omega-3s found in the world and the highest amount of the pro-inflammatory Omega-6s. Recent scientific developments have shown that the Omega-3s, in particular EPA and DHA, play a vital role in central nervous system, cognitive, cardiovascular, joint, immune and metabolic function. EPA and DHA not only protect good overall physical and emotional health, but also can reduce the risk of cardiac disease and exert powerful anti-inflammatory effects that can help treat certain diseases. The benefits of EPA and DHA have been studied across a wide range of illnesses, including heart disease, high cholesterol, hypertension, arthritis, back pain, osteoporosis, psoriasis, lupus, Crohn’s Disease, back pain, dry eyes, depression, bipolar disorder, ADHD, and stress-related disorders. The importance of Omega-3s have also been shown to be important in pregnant women and infants, where their depletion may lead to visual or central nervous system problems. Since some larger fish species may contain high levels of mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins or other contaminants, achieving an optimal amount of Omega-3s through the intake of fish alone raises a number of safety concerns. Omega-3 supplements (such as Omax3TM) that are certified free of environmental contaminants offer a safe, alternative way to obtain the health-promoting benefits of EFAs. In fact, highly purified Omega-3 supplements now provide an extremely safe and efficient delivery system for EPA and DHA into the diet. Source: www.omax3.com

Omega-3 in fish: How eating fish helps your heart

Fish and omega-3 fatty acids in fish are good for your heart. Learn from a Mayo Clinic specialist how the heart-health benefits of eating fish usually outweigh any risks.

If you're worried about heart disease — whether you want to avoid it, or you already have it and want to get healthier — eating one to two servings of fish a week could reduce your risk of dying of a heart attack by a third or more.

The touted heart-health benefits of eating fish, especially fattier fish like salmon, aren't new. Doctors have long recognized that something in fish, possibly fats called omega-3 fatty acids, appears to reduce your risk of dying from heart disease. The American Heart Association for many years has recommended that people eat fish that are rich in omega-3 fatty acids at least twice a week.

Donald D. Hensrud, M.D.

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Donald Hensrud, M.D., chair of Mayo Clinic's Division of Preventive Medicine and associate professor of preventive medicine and nutrition, shares his insights here about omega-3 and eating fish for a healthy heart.

In addition to the positive benefits of omega-3 and eating fish to reduce heart disease risk, Dr. Hensrud talks about the concern that some fish may contain significant amounts of contaminants, such as mercury.

The contaminant concern has led to a dilemma: Should you eat more omega-3-rich fish for a healthier heart, or avoid fish because of the possible contaminants, such as mercury, in fish?

Now, two large federally sponsored studies have both come to the same general conclusion: When it comes to a healthier heart, the benefits of eating fish usually outweigh the possible risks of exposure to contaminants.

One study released in the Journal of the American Medical Association found that those who ate fish might reduce their risk of dying from heart disease by a third, and their overall mortality was 17 percent lower. The other study released by the Institute of Medicine, which advises the federal government on health policy, wasn't as strong in its endorsement. However, it indicated that eating seafood appears to promote heart health.

Dr. Hensrud, when it comes to heart disease, is eating fish a smart thing to do?

In general, yes, and both of these recent reports support that. Consuming one to two servings a week of fish, particularly fatty fish, appears to reduce the risk of heart disease and particularly sudden cardiac death. The health benefits of fish also apply to women who are or may become pregnant as well as to children, but both of these groups should limit their consumption.

What's in fish that appears to be so good for the heart, and how does it work?

Fish contain unsaturated fatty acids, which, when substituted for saturated fatty acids such as is contained in meat, may lower serum cholesterol. But the main beneficial component appears to be omega-3 fatty acids in fatty fish.

Omega-3 fatty acids have many potential beneficial effects including improving cognitive function in developing children, decreasing triglycerides, lowering blood pressure, reducing blood clotting, enhancing immune function, and possibly others. However, the strongest benefit from omega-3 fatty acids is reducing the risk of sudden cardiac death, which appears to be due to decreasing the risk of abnormal heart rhythms.

The heart-healthy benefits of fish have been discussed before. Do these two latest studies help clarify the situation? How so?

One of these reports supports the heart-health benefits of eating fish by examining some of the best studies and estimating the combined effects of these studies. This study estimated that regular fish consumption probably reduced the risk of stroke and had an even stronger effect on reducing the risk of dying from heart disease.

The other report was a review of studies by the Institute of Medicine that looked at the overall benefits vs. risks of seafood consumption. This review also supported the benefits of seafood consumption for everyone, reaffirmed that women of childbearing age and children limit consumption and avoid certain fish, and had a number of recommendations for further education and research in this area.

Does it matter what kind of fish I eat?

Yes, fatty fish such as salmon, herring, and to a lesser extent tuna, contain the most omega-3 fatty acids and therefore the most benefit, but many types of seafood contain small amounts of omega-3 fatty acids.

How much fish should I eat?

In general, about 6 ounces (two 3-ounce servings) a week are recommended, with an emphasis on omega-3-rich fish. Women and children should limit consumption to no more than 6 ounces of canned tuna a week, no more than 12 ounces of most other fish, and avoid certain fish altogether (shark, swordfish and others). That's because women who are or can become pregnant and children are most susceptible to the potential effects of toxins in fish.

How concerned should I be about possible risks of eating fish, such as mercury contamination?

The main types of toxins in fish are mercury, dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The amount of toxins depends on the type of fish and where it is caught, and this is one area where we need more education.

You should pay attention to the type of fish you eat, how much you eat, and other information such as the state advisories on the amount that can be safely consumed of specific types of locally caught fish. For example, each state issues advisories regarding the safe amount of locally caught fish that can be consumed.

The major contaminant found in fish is mercury. This element occurs naturally in trace amounts in the environment. But industrial pollution can produce mercury that accumulates in lakes, rivers and oceans. Microorganisms in the water convert the mercury to a highly toxic form, called methyl mercury.

Large, predatory fish — such as shark, tilefish, swordfish and king mackerel — tend to have higher levels of methyl mercury than do smaller fish because they're higher in the aquatic food chain. Small fish eat organisms that contain methyl mercury, and this contaminant is then stored in their bodies. Larger fish eat the smaller fish, gaining higher concentrations of the toxin. The longer a fish lives, the larger it grows and the more mercury it can collect.

If you consume enough fish containing methyl mercury, the toxin can accumulate in your body as well. It can take weeks, months or even a year for your body to remove these toxins. Methyl mercury is particularly harmful to the development of the brain and nervous system of an unborn child and young children. For this reason, women who are pregnant or trying to become pregnant, nursing mothers, and children under age 12 need to limit the amount of fish they eat. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) report that for most people, however, the amount of mercury they consume by eating fish isn't a health concern. The two recent reports support and endorse that advice.

I don't like fish. Can I get the same heart-health benefits by taking omega-3 fatty acid supplements? Or, do other foods offer the same heart-health benefits?

For most people, the evidence supporting the heart-health benefits from fish are stronger than for supplements. However, people who have heart disease may benefit from supplements of omega-3 fatty acids and should discuss this with their doctor. Other non-fish food options that do contain some omega-3 fatty acids include flaxseed, flaxseed oil, walnuts, canola oil, soybeans and soybean oil. However, like with supplements, the evidence of heart-healthy benefits from eating these foods isn't as strong as it is from eating fish.

Omega-3 fatty acids, fish oil, alpha-linolenic acid

Omega-3 fatty acids, fish oil, alpha-linolenic acid

Contents of this page: Background Synonyms Evidence Dosing Safety Interactions Methodology Selected references

Omega-3 fatty acids, fish oil, alpha-linolenic acid

BackgroundReturn to top

Dietary sources of omega-3 fatty acids include fish oil and certain plant/nut oils. Fish oil contains both docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), while some nuts (e.g., English walnuts) and vegetable oils (e.g., canola, soybean, flaxseed/linseed, and olive oil) contain alpha-linolenic acid (ALA).

Evidence from several studies has suggested that amounts of DHA and EPA in the form of fish or fish oil supplements lowers triglycerides, slows the buildup of atherosclerotic plaques ("hardening of the arteries"), lowers blood pressure slightly, as well as reduces the risk of death, heart attack, dangerous abnormal heart rhythms, and strokes in people with known heart disease. However, high doses may have harmful effects, such as an increased risk of bleeding. Although similar benefits are proposed for alpha-linolenic acid, scientific evidence is less compelling, and beneficial effects may be less pronounced.

Some species of fish carry a higher risk of environmental contamination, such as with methylmercury.

SynonymsReturn to top

α-linolenic acid (ALA, C18:3n-3), alpha-linolenic acid, cod liver oil, coldwater fish, DHA, docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA, fish body oil, fish extract, fish liver oil, fish oil fatty acids, halibut oil, long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, mackerel oil, marine oil, menhaden oil, n-3 fatty acids, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, Omacor®, omega fatty acids, omega-3 oils, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), salmon oil, shark liver oil, w-3 fatty acids.

Note: Should not be confused with omega-6 fatty acids.

EvidenceReturn to top

These uses have been tested in humans or animals. Safety and effectiveness have not always been proven. Some of these conditions are potentially serious, and should be evaluated by a qualified healthcare provider.

Uses based on scientific evidence	Grade*
High blood pressure Multiple human trials report small reductions in blood pressure with intake of omega-3 fatty acid. DHA may have greater benefits than EPA. However, it may be necessary to take high amounts of omega-3 fatty acids per day to obtain these health benefits, and high doses may increase the risk of bleeding. Therefore, a qualified healthcare provider should be consulted before starting treatment with fish oil supplements.	A
Hypertriglyceridemia (fish oil / EPA plus DHA) There is strong scientific evidence from human trials that omega-3 fatty acids from fish or fish oil supplements (EPA + DHA) significantly reduce blood triglyceride levels. Benefits appear to be dose-dependent. Fish oil supplements also appear to cause small improvements in high-density lipoprotein ("good cholesterol"); however, increases (worsening) in low-density lipoprotein levels (LDL/"bad cholesterol") have also been observed. It is not clear if alpha-linolenic acid significantly affects triglyceride levels.	A
Secondary cardiovascular disease prevention (fish oil / EPA plus DHA) Several studies report that regular consumption of oily fish or fish oil/omega-3 supplements reduces the risk of non-fatal heart attacks, fatal heart attacks, sudden death, and deaths due to any cause in people with histories of heart attacks. Most patients in these studies were also using standard heart drugs, suggesting that the benefits of fish oils may add to the effects of other therapies.	A
Infant eye / brain development Early evidence suggests that infants have improved problem solving skills but not memory if their mothers consume DHA-containing functional foods during pregnancy. Other research suggests that DHA supplementation during pregnancy plays an important role in the development of the visual system.	B
Inflammation Research has shown that omega-3 fatty acids help reduce inflammation. Scientists believe that their anti-inflammatory effects may help protect against heart disease.	B
Nutrition (in gastrointestinal disorders) Early evidence suggests that omega-3 fatty acid supplements may be a good source of nutrition for patients with Crohn's disease or for those who need to be tube fed after abdominal surgeries.	B
Pregnancy nutritional supplement DHA has been found to be important for healthy pregnancies. Research shows that fish oil supplementation from the 22nd week of pregnancy until delivery improves the amount of n-3 LC-PUFA in the fetus and the mother.	B
Primary cardiovascular disease prevention (fish intake) Several large studies of populations (called epidemiological studies) report a significantly lower rate of death from heart disease in people who regularly eat fish. Other epidemiological research reports no such benefits. It is unclear if benefits only occur in certain groups of people, such as those at risk of developing heart disease. Fish oil is also associated with improved blood vessel functioning and decreased resting heart rate. Overall, the evidence suggests benefits of regular consumption of fish oil.	B
Protection from cyclosporine toxicity in organ transplant patients There are many studies of heart transplant and kidney transplant patients taking cyclosporine (Neoral®), who received fish oil supplements. Most trials report improvements in kidney function and reduced high blood pressure compared to patients not taking fish oil. Although several recent studies report no benefits for kidney function, the weight of scientific evidence favors the beneficial effects of fish oil.	B
Rheumatoid arthritis (fish oil) Many studies report improvements in morning stiffness and joint tenderness with the regular intake of fish oil supplements for up to three months. Fish oil has been shown to increase the effects of anti-inflammatory medications, such as NSAIDs (such as ibuprofen). However, because of weaknesses in study designs and reporting, better research is needed before a strong favorable recommendation can be made.	B
Age related macular degeneration It has been suggested that omega-3 fatty acids may help prevent an eye disorder, called age-related macular degeneration. However, more research is needed to confirm these early findings.	C
Angina pectoris Early studies report reductions in chest pain (called angina) associated with fish oil intake. Better research is necessary before a firm conclusion can be drawn.	C
Asthma Several studies in this area do not provide enough reliable evidence to form a clear conclusion, with some studies reporting no effects, and others finding benefits. Because most studies have been small without clear descriptions of design or results, the results cannot be considered conclusive.	C
Atherosclerosis Some research reports that regular intake of fish or fish oil supplements reduces the risk of developing atherosclerotic plaques in the arteries of the heart, while other research reports no effects. Additional evidence is necessary before a firm conclusion can be drawn in this area.	C
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (related learning and behavioral problems) There is evidence that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may help treat ADHD-related problems, including inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. More research is needed to confirm these findings.	C
Bipolar disorder It is unclear if omega-3 fatty acids can help improve symptoms of bipolar disorder. Study results are mixed.	C
Cancer prevention Several population (epidemiological) studies report that dietary omega-3 fatty acids or fish oil may reduce the risk of developing breast, colon, or prostate cancer. Better-designed studies are necessary before a clear conclusion can be drawn.	C
Cardiac arrhythmias (abnormal heart rhythms) There is promising evidence that omega-3 fatty acids may decrease the risk of irregular heartbeats (called cardiac arrhythmias). It is possible that this action may be responsible for reducing the number of heart attacks in people who regularly ingest fish oil or EPA + DHA. In patients with defibrillators, there is emerging evidence that fish oil supplementation may not be safe, and its effectiveness has been questioned. Additional research is needed in this area before a firm conclusion can be reached.	C
Colon cancer Cancer patients have been reported to commonly take omega-3 fatty acids. Early studies report that fish oil may reduce the growth of colon cancer cells and polyps. However, it is unclear if fish oil effects cancer survival or remission.	C
Coronary disease (acute coronary syndrome) Because higher levels of omega-3 fatty acids have been shown to reduce the risk of sudden cardiac death, researchers have tested if the same is true for acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Early evidence suggests that people who have low levels of EPA and DHA may have an increased risk of developing ACS. More research is needed in this area.	C
Cystic fibrosis A small amount of research in this area does not provide enough reliable evidence to form a clear conclusion.	C
Dementia Well-designed clinical trials are needed before omega-3 fatty acids can be recommended for the prevention of cognitive impairment or dementia.	C
Depression Low levels of omega-3 fatty acids have been linked to depression. Some studies suggest that supplements may decrease suicidal behavior and improve symptoms of postpartum depression and childhood depression. However, more research is needed to confirm these early findings.	C
Dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation) There is early evidence suggesting possible benefits of fish oil/omega-3 fatty acids in women with dysmenorrhea. Additional research is needed before a firm conclusion can be reached.	C
Eczema It is unclear if EPA can help treat eczema. More research is needed.	C
Energy Early evidence suggests that fish oil may not improve energy metabolism or energy efficiency during exercise in healthy adults. More research is needed.	C
Epilepsy In patients with chronic refractory epilepsy, a disorder that causes seizures, omega-3 supplements may improve brain energy metabolism and increase the level of phospholipids in the brain. More research is needed to determine if this is an effective treatment for patients with epilepsy.	C
Growth rates Early research suggests that DHA taken by pregnant and breastfeeding mothers may reduce the body mass index of infants. However, supplements have not been shown to affect the length or head size of infants. More research is needed to understand exactly how omega-3 fatty acids may affect the growth and development of unborn babies and infants.	C
IgA nephropathy There are mixed results from several trials in this area.	C
Immune function Some research suggests that fish oil supplementation during pregnancy may speed up the infant's immune system development. However, it is unclear if this affects the infant's health in the future. Other research suggests that supplements during pregnancy may affect the functioning of white blood cells, called neutrophils. More research is needed to fully understand how fish oil affects the immune system.	C
Impulse problems Early evidence suggests that omega-3 fatty acids may help regulate mood and impulse control. More research is needed in this area.	C
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) It has been suggested that omega-3 fatty acids may reduce pain and inflammation associated with inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis) when added to standard therapy. However, study results are mixed, and no clear conclusion can be made at this time.	C
Lupus erythematosus There is not enough reliable evidence to form a clear conclusion in this area.	C
Nephrotic syndrome There is not enough reliable evidence to form a clear conclusion in this area.	C
Osteoporosis Early evidence suggests that plant sources of dietary n-3 PUFA may help protect against bone loss. More research is needed to confirm these findings.	C
Peripheral vascular disease / claudication Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) occurs when the blood vessels to the arms and legs are clogged. When the muscles do not get enough blood, it causes a type of pain, called claudication. Some evidence suggests that fish oil may improve blood pressure in the legs of patients with PVD and increase how far they can walk until they feel pain. More research is needed.	C
Phenylketonuria (PKU) Patients with PKU must follow a diet that does not contain any phenylalanine, which is found in high-protein foods, such as cheese, milk, nuts, or meats. Therefore, low levels of AA and DHA are common among children with PKU during the first year of life. Early research suggests that long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) supplementation of PKU diets during the first year of life improves LCPUFA levels so that they are similar to those of healthy, breastfed infants.	C
Preeclampsia If is unclear if fish oil helps treat or prevent preeclampsia in pregnant women. More research is needed.	C
Prevention of graft failure after heart bypass surgery There is limited study of the use of fish oils in patients after undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Additional evidence is needed before a firm conclusion can be drawn in this area.	C
Prevention of restenosis after coronary angioplasty (PTCA) Several studies have tested whether omega-3 fatty acid intake reduces blockage of arteries in the heart after balloon angioplasty (percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty/PTCA). However, it is unknown if omega-3 fatty acid is effective.	C
Primary cardiovascular disease prevention (α-linolenic acid [ALA]) Additional research is necessary before a conclusion can be drawn in this area.	C
Prostate problems Early research suggests that walnuts do not affect blood levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). PSA is a marker of prostate enlargement, inflammation, and cancer.	C
Psoriasis Several studies in this area do not provide enough reliable evidence to form a clear conclusion.	C
Schizophrenia Early evidence suggests that omega-3 fatty acids may help improve symptoms of schizophrenia. Evidence suggests that a combination of omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants might also reduce the side effects of haloperidol, an antipsychotic medication.	C
Secondary cardiovascular disease prevention (α-linolenic acid [ALA]) Several randomized controlled trials have examined the effects of alpha-linolenic acid in people with histories of heart attacks. Although some studies suggest benefits, others do not. Additional research is needed before a conclusion can be drawn in this area.	C
Stroke prevention Several large studies of populations (called epidemiological studies) have tested the effects of omega-3 fatty acid intake on stroke risk. Some studies suggest benefits, while others do not. Effects are likely on ischemic or thrombotic stroke risk, and very large intakes of omega-3 fatty acids ("Eskimo" amounts) may actually increase the risk of hemorrhagic (bleeding) stroke. At this time, it is unclear if there are benefits in people with or without histories of strokes or if effects of fish oil are similar to other treatment strategies.	C
Appetite / weight loss in cancer patients There is early evidence that fish oil supplementation does not improve appetite or prevent weight loss in cancer patients. Further study is needed.	D
Diabetes The available scientific evidence suggests that there are no significant long-term effects of fish oil in patients with diabetes. Most studies in this area are not well designed.	D
Hypercholesterolemia Although fish oil is able to reduce triglycerides, beneficial effects on blood cholesterol levels have not been demonstrated. Fish oil supplements appear to cause small improvements in high-density lipoprotein ("good cholesterol"); however, increases (worsening) in low-density lipoprotein levels ("bad cholesterol") are also observed. Fish oil does not appear to affect C-reactive protein (CRP) levels.	D
Transplant rejection prevention (kidney and heart) There are many studies of heart transplant and kidney transplant patients taking cyclosporine (Neoral®) who received fish oil supplements. The majority of trials report improvements in kidney function (glomerular filtration rate, serum creatinine) and less hypertension (high blood pressure) compared to patients not taking fish oil. However, several recent studies report no benefits on kidney function, and no changes have been found in rates of rejection or graft survival.	D

*Key to grades
A: Strong scientific evidence for this use;
B: Good scientific evidence for this use;
C: Unclear scientific evidence for this use;
D: Fair scientific evidence against this use;
F: Strong scientific evidence against this use.

Grading rationale

Uses based on tradition or theory

The below uses are based on tradition or scientific theories. They often have not been thoroughly tested in humans, and safety and effectiveness have not always been proven. Some of these conditions are potentially serious, and should be evaluated by a qualified healthcare provider.

Acute myocardial infarction (heart attack), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), aggressive behavior, agoraphobia (fear of open and public spaces), AIDS, allergies, Alzheimer's disease, anticoagulation, antiphospholipid syndrome, anthracycline-induced cardiac toxicity, bacterial infections, breast cysts, breast tenderness, central nervous system disorders (Zellweger syndrome), chronic fatigue syndrome (postviral fatigue syndrome), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cirrhosis, common cold, congestive heart failure, critical illness, deficiency (omega-3 fatty acid), dermatomyositis, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy, dyslexia, dyspraxia, endocrine disorders (glycogen storage diseases), exercise performance enhancement, fibromyalgia, gallstones, gingivitis, glaucoma, glomerulonephritis, gout, hay fever, headache, hepatorenal syndrome, hypoxia, ichthyosis (skin disorder), inflammatory conditions (Behcet's syndrome), joint problems (cartilage repair), kidney disease prevention, kidney stones, leprosy, leukemia, malaria, male infertility, memory enhancement, menopausal symptoms, menstrual cramps, methotrexate toxicity, multiple sclerosis, myopathy, nephritis (autoimmune), neuropathy, night vision enhancement, obesity, osteoarthritis, otitis media (ear infection), panic disorder, premenstrual syndrome, protection from isotretinoin drug toxicity, psychological disorders (borderline personality disorder), Raynaud's phenomenon, Refsum's syndrome, retinitis pigmentosa, Reye's syndrome, seizure disorder, Sjogren's syndrome, suicide prevention, systemic lupus erythematosus, tardive dyskinesia, tennis elbow, urolithiasis (bladder stones), vision enhancement.

DosingReturn to top

The below doses are based on scientific research, publications, traditional use, or expert opinion. Many herbs and supplements have not been thoroughly tested, and safety and effectiveness may not be proven. Brands may be made differently, with variable ingredients, even within the same brand. The below doses may not apply to all products. You should read product labels, and discuss doses with a qualified healthcare provider before starting therapy.

Adults (over 18 years old)

Average Americans consume about 1.6 grams of omega-3 fatty acids each day, of which about 1.4 grams (~90%) comes from α-linolenic acid, and only 0.1-0.2 grams (~10%) from EPA and DHA. In Western diets, people consume roughly 10 times more omega-6 fatty acids than omega-3 fatty acids. These large amounts of omega-6 fatty acids come from the common use of vegetable oils containing linoleic acid (for example: corn oil, evening primrose oil, pumpkin oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, walnut oil, and wheatgerm oil). Because omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids compete with each other to be converted to active metabolites in the body, benefits can be reached either by decreasing intake of omega-6 fatty acids or by increasing omega-3 fatty acids.

For healthy adults with no history of heart disease, the American Heart Association recommends eating fish at least twice weekly. In particular, fatty fish are recommended, such as anchovies, bluefish, carp, catfish, halibut, herring, lake trout, mackerel, pompano, salmon, striped sea bass, tuna (albacore), and whitefish. It is also recommended to consume plant-derived sources of α-linolenic acid, such as tofu/soybeans, walnuts, flaxseed oil, and canola oil. The World Health Organization and governmental health agencies of several countries recommend consuming 0.3-0.5 grams of daily EPA + DHA and 0.8-1.1 grams of daily α-linolenic acid. A doctor and pharmacist should be consulted for dosing for other conditions.

Children (under 18 years old)

Omega-3 fatty acids are used in some infant formulas, although effective doses are not clearly established. Ingestion of fresh fish should be limited in young children due to the presence of potentially harmful environmental contaminants. Fish oil capsules should not be used in children except under the direction of a physician.

SafetyReturn to top

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration does not strictly regulate herbs and supplements. There is no guarantee of strength, purity or safety of products, and effects may vary. You should always read product labels. If you have a medical condition, or are taking other drugs, herbs, or supplements, you should speak with a qualified healthcare provider before starting a new therapy. Consult a healthcare provider immediately if you experience side effects.

Allergies

People with allergy or hypersensitivity to fish should avoid fish oil or omega-3 fatty acid products derived from fish. There have been rare reports of skin rash. People who are allergic or hypersensitive to nuts should avoid alpha linolenic acid or omega-3 fatty acid products that are derived from the types of nuts to which they react.

Side Effects and Warnings

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) classifies omega-3 fatty acids from fish as GRAS (Generally Regarded as Safe). Caution may be warranted, however, in diabetic patients due to potential (albeit unlikely) increases in blood sugar levels, patients at risk of bleeding, or in those with high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Fish meat may contain methylmercury and caution is warranted in young children and pregnant/breastfeeding women.

Omega-3 fatty acids may increase the risk of bleeding, although there is little evidence of significant bleeding risk at lower doses. Very large intakes of fish oil/omega-3 fatty acids ("Eskimo" amounts) may increase the risk of hemorrhagic (bleeding) stroke. High doses have also been associated with nosebleed and blood in the urine. Fish oils appear to decrease platelet aggregation and prolong bleeding time, increase fibrinolysis (breaking down of blood clots), and may reduce von Willebrand factor. Fish oil should be used cautiously in patients with abnormal heart rhythms (ventricular tachycardia).

Potentially harmful contaminants such as dioxins, methylmercury, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are found in some species of fish. Methylmercury accumulates in fish meat more than in fish oil, and fish oil supplements appear to contain almost no mercury. Therefore, safety concerns apply to eating fish but likely not to ingesting fish oil supplements. Heavy metals are most harmful in young children and pregnant/nursing women.

Gastrointestinal upset is common with the use of fish oil supplements. Diarrhea may also occur, with potentially severe diarrhea at very high doses. There are also reports of increased burping, acid reflux/heartburn/indigestion, abdominal bloating, and abdominal pain. Fishy aftertaste is a common effect. Gastrointestinal side effects can be minimized if fish oils are taken with meals and if doses are started low and gradually increased.

Multiple human trials report small reductions in blood pressure with intake of omega-3 fatty acids. Reductions of 2-5 millimeters of mercury have been observed, and effects appear to be dose-responsive (higher doses have greater effects). DHA may have greater effects than EPA. Caution is warranted in patients with low blood pressure or in those taking blood-pressure lowering medications.

Fish oil has caused swelling of the nasal passages and the upper part of the pharynx (called nasopharyngitis) in some patients. Some patients taking fish oil developed upper respiratory tract infections.

Although slight increases in fasting blood glucose levels have been noted in patients with type 2 ("adult-onset") diabetes, the available scientific evidence suggests that there are no significant long-term effects of fish oil in patients with diabetes, including no changes in hemoglobin A1c levels. Limited reports in the 1980s of increased insulin needs in diabetic patients taking long-term fish oils may be related to other dietary changes or weight gain.

Fish oil taken for many months may cause a deficiency of vitamin E, and therefore vitamin E is added to many commercial fish oil products. As a result, regular use of vitamin E-enriched products may lead to elevated levels of this fat-soluble vitamin. Fish liver oil contains the fat-soluble vitamins A and D, and therefore fish liver oil products (such as cod liver oil) may increase the risk of vitamin A or D toxicity.

Increases (worsening) in low-density lipoprotein levels ("bad cholesterol") by 5-10% are observed with intake of omega-3 fatty acids. Effects are dose-dependent.

Mild elevations in liver function tests (alanine aminotransferase) and skin rashes have been reported rarely. There are also rare reports of mania in patients with bipolar disorder or major depression. Restlessness and formication (the sensation of ants crawling on the skin) have also been reported.

Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

Potentially harmful contaminants such as dioxins, methylmercury, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are found in some species of fish, and may be harmful in pregnant/nursing women. Methylmercury accumulates in fish meat more than in fish oil, and fish oil supplements appear to contain almost no mercury. Therefore, these safety concerns apply to eating fish but likely not to ingesting fish oil supplements. However, unrefined fish oil preparations may contain pesticides.

It is not known if omega-3 fatty acid supplementation of women during pregnancy or breastfeeding is beneficial to infants. It has been suggested that high intake of omega-3 fatty acids during pregnancy, particularly DHA, may increase birth weight and gestational length. However, higher doses may not be advisable due to the potential risk of bleeding. Fatty acids are added to some infant formulas.

InteractionsReturn to top

Most herbs and supplements have not been thoroughly tested for interactions with other herbs, supplements, drugs, or foods. The interactions listed below are based on reports in scientific publications, laboratory experiments, or traditional use. You should always read product labels. If you have a medical condition, or are taking other drugs, herbs, or supplements, you should speak with a qualified healthcare provider before starting a new therapy.

Interactions with Drugs

In theory, omega-3 fatty acids may increase the risk of bleeding when taken with drugs that increase the risk of bleeding. Some examples include aspirin; anticoagulants ("blood thinners"), such as warfarin (Coumadin®) or heparin; anti-platelet drugs, such as clopidogrel (Plavix®); and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as ibuprofen (Motrin®, Advil®) or naproxen (Naprosyn®, Aleve®).

Based on human studies, omega-3 fatty acids may lower blood pressure and add to the effects of drugs that may also affect blood pressure.

Fish oil supplements may lower blood sugar levels a small amount. Caution is advised when using medications that may also lower blood sugar. Patients taking drugs for diabetes by mouth or insulin should be monitored closely by a qualified healthcare provider. Medication adjustments may be necessary.

Omega-3 fatty acids lower triglyceride levels, but can actually increase (worsen) low-density lipoprotein (LDL/"bad cholesterol") levels by a small amount. Therefore, omega-3 fatty acids may add to the triglyceride-lowering effects of agents like niacin/nicotinic acid, fibrates such as gemfibrozil (Lopid®), or resins such as cholestyramine (Questran®). However, omega-3 fatty acids may work against the LDL-lowering properties of "statin" drugs like atorvastatin (Lipitor®) and lovastatin (Mevacor®).

Interactions with Herbs and Dietary Supplements

In theory, omega-3 fatty acids may increase the risk of bleeding when taken with herbs and supplements that are believed to increase the risk of bleeding. Multiple cases of bleeding have been reported with the use of Ginkgo biloba , and fewer cases with garlic and saw palmetto. Numerous other agents may theoretically increase the risk of bleeding, although this has not been proven in most cases.

Based on human studies, omega-3 fatty acids may lower blood pressure and theoretically may add to the effects of agents that may also affect blood pressure.

Fish oil supplements may lower blood sugar levels a small amount. Caution is advised when using herbs or supplements that may also lower blood sugar. Blood glucose levels may require monitoring, and doses may need adjustment.

Omega-3 fatty acids lower triglyceride levels, but can actually increase (worsen) low-density lipoprotein (LDL/"bad cholesterol") levels by a small amount. Therefore, omega-3 fatty acids may add to the triglyceride-lowering effects of agents like niacin/nicotinic acid, but may work against the potential LDL-lowering properties of agents like barley, garlic, guggul, psyllium, soy, or sweet almond.

Fish oil taken for many months may cause a deficiency of vitamin E, and therefore vitamin E is added to many commercial fish oil products. As a result, regular use of vitamin E-enriched products may lead to elevated levels of this fat-soluble vitamin. Fish liver oil contains the fat-soluble vitamins A and D, and therefore fish liver oil products (such as cod liver oil) may increase the risk of vitamin A or D toxicity. Since fat-soluble vitamins can build up in the body and cause toxicity, patients taking multiple vitamins regularly or in high doses should discuss this risk with their healthcare practitioners.

Methodology Return to top

This information is based on a professional level monograph edited and peer-reviewed by contributors to the Natural Standard Research Collaboration (www.naturalstandard.com): Serguei Axentsev, MD, PhD, D.Sci. (Natural Standard Research Collaboration); Rawan Barakat, PharmD (Massachusetts College of Pharmacy); Ethan Basch, MD (Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center); Steve Bent, MD (University of California San Francisco); Dawn Costa, BA, BS (Natural Standard Research Collaboration); Cynthia Dacey, PharmD (Natural Standard Research Collaboration); Cathi Dennehey, PharmD (University of California San Francisco); Paul Hammerness, MD (Harvard Medical School); Paul Knaus, PharmD (Northeastern University); Mojisola Sekoni, PharmD (Massachusetts College of Pharmacy); Elizabeth Sheehan, PharmD (Northeastern University); Michael Smith, MScPharm, ND (Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine); Philippe Szapary, MD (University of Pennsylvania); Shaina Tanguay-Colucci, BS (Natural Standard Research Collaboration); Catherine Ulbricht, PharmD (Massachusetts General Hospital); Wendy Weissner, BA (Natural Standard Research Collaboration); Jen Woods, BS (Natural Standard Research Collaboration).

Methodology details

Selected references Return to top

1. Almqvist C, Garden F, Xuan W, et al. Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid exposure from early life does not affect atopy and asthma at age 5 years. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007 Jun;119(6):1438-44.
2. Berbert AA, Kondo CR, Almendra CL, et al. Supplementation of fish oil and olive oil in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Nutrition 2005;21(2):131-136.
3. Brouwer IA, Zock PL, Camm AJ, et al. Effect of fish oil on ventricular tachyarrhythmia and death in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators: the Study on Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Ventricular Arrhythmia (SOFA) randomized trial. JAMA 2006 Jun 14;295(22):2613-9.
4. Burns CP, Halabi S, Clamon G, et al. Phase II study of high-dose fish oil capsules for patients with cancer-related cachexia. Cancer 7-15-2004;101(2):370-378.
5. Duffy EM, Meenagh GK, McMillan SA, et al. The clinical effect of dietary supplementation with omega-3 fish oils and/or copper in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2004;31(8):1551-1556.
6. Erkkila AT, Lichtenstein AH, Mozaffarian D, et al. Fish intake is associated with a reduced progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women with coronary artery disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80(3):626-632.
7. Jenkins DJ, Josse AR, Beyene J, et al. Fish-oil supplementation in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators: a meta-analysis. CMAJ 2008 Jan 15;178(2):157-64.
8. Koletzko B, Sauerwald T, Demmelmair H, et al. Dietary long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infants with phenylketonuria: a randomized controlled trial. J Inherit Metab Dis 2007 Jun;30(3):326-32.
9. Lim WS, Gammack JK, Van Niekerk J, et al. Omega 3 fatty acid for the prevention of dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006 Jan 25;(1):CD005379.
10. Lim AK, Manley KJ, Roberts MA, et al. Fish oil for kidney transplant recipients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007 Apr 18;(2):CD005282.
11. Mostad IL, Bjerve KS, Bjorgaas MR, et al. Effects of n-3 fatty acids in subjects with type 2 diabetes: reduction of insulin sensitivity and time-dependent alteration from carbohydrate to fat oxidation. Am J Clin Nutr 2006 Sep;84(3):540-50.
12. Olsen SF, Secher NJ, Tabor A, et al. Randomised clinical trials of fish oil supplementation in high risk pregnancies. Fish Oil Trials In Pregnancy (FOTIP) Team. BJOG 2000;107(3):382-395.
13. Sinn N, Bryan J. Effect of supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids and micronutrients on learning and behavior problems associated with child ADHD. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2007 Apr;28(2):82-91.
14. Su KP, Huang SY, Chiu CC, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids in major depressive disorder. A preliminary double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2003;13(4):267-271.
15. Wozniak J, Biederman J, Mick E, et al. Omega-3 fatty acid monotherapy for pediatric bipolar disorder: a prospective open-label trial. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2007 May-Jun;17(6-7):440-7.

March 01, 2008.

Source: www.nlm.nih.gov

Heart and Cardiovascular System Health

Heart and Cardiovascular System Health

The cardiovascular system is a network of veins and arteries, which circulate blood around the body. The heart, acting as a pump creates the movement. Blood is pumped into the arteries for delivery to the cells where it is needed, then drawn back through the veins to the heart to begin the cycle over again. To maintain a healthy cardiovascular system, there must not be any hindrance to the free flow of the blood.

Heart and cardiovascular health was the first area investigated with regard to the health impact of Omega-3 fatty acids. It was noticed in the early 1970s that the Inuit people of Greenland had a high fat, high cholesterol diet, yet were able to maintain a healthy heart and cardiovascular system. Subsequent investigations concluded that this was due to the high level of Omega-3 fatty acids in their native diet of fish and marine animals. Since then several other studies, including two large American studies in 1997 and 1998 have revealed the same thing: that heart and cardiovascular health is enhanced among weekly fish eaters when compared to those who ate fish only infrequently. Studies using fish oil supplements instead of fish oil consumption have shown similar results.*

Omega-3 may help increase the flexibility of the red-blood-cell membranes, thus making the blood less sludgy and more fluid. This not only helps maintain healthy circulation everywhere in the body, including the brain, but may make it easier for the heart to do its job of continuous pumping.*

Numerous studies have found that a diet that includes a serving of fatty fish, especially those rich in Omega-3, provide a health benefit to the heart and cardiovascular system. And even a diet that includes a fish serving only once per week has been shown to provide this benefit. In a 1998 study of 20,551 male physicians aged 40 to 84 years, and published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, it was found that eating fish at least once a week helped to maintain a healthy heart and cardiovascular system when compared to those who only ate fish less than once a month.*

Another study published in the same journal in 1995 found similar results: researchers found that the intake of just one portion of fatty, Omega-3-rich fish per week helped people maintain a healthy heart when compared to controls, even after adjusting for age, smoking, family history of heart attacks, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, physical activity, education, and cholesterol level. The researchers believe that consumption of fatty fish, fish oil, or linolenic acid increases the levels of the Omega-3 fatty acids, EPA and DHA, in the membranes of the red blood cells, and confers the healthy heart benefits. This was confirmed by blood samples taken from the comparative groups.*

A healthy diet that includes a serving of fatty fish rich in Omega-3 at least once a week is just one factor that may help a person maintain a healthy heart and cardiovascular system. It is also prudent to take other "heart healthy" measures, such as a diet low in saturated fats and high in fruits and vegetables, regular exercise, and abstinence from cigarettes and alcohol.*

*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease Source: www.coromega.com

General Information

General Information

Important: Please Read

The information in this section is for informational purposes only and is not meant to substitute for the advice provided by a physician or other medical professional. It is based on scientific studies, clinical experience, or traditional usage. You should not use this information for diagnosing or treating a health problem or disease, or prescribing any medication. Consult your physician, healthcare provider, and/or pharmacist for any health problem, before using any dietary supplement, or before making any changes in prescribed medications. If you have or suspect that you have a medical problem, contact a health care professional. Results reported may not necessarily occur in all individuals.

In 1982, the Nobel Prize in Medicine was awarded for research about essential fatty acids. Since that time, the role of essential fatty acids in the human mind and body has been studied more than ever before. It is estimated that the body of knowledge surrounding Omega-3 fatty acids alone totals around 6,000 scientific studies, including 1,000 clinical studies, many of which have been published in such prestigious journals as The New England Journal of Medicine, Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), The Lancet, among others.

In the following sections, you’ll find out that Omega-3 fatty acids may help you maintain mental and physical health. But remember, there is more than one factor involved in maintain well-being in any of the topic areas mentioned in this section, and the impact of the amount and type of Essential Fatty Acids in the body varies from one person to another.

Choose from the menu on left to peruse topics of interest to you.

Source: www.coromega.com

Frequently asked questions

• What are Omega-3 Essential Fatty Acids?
• Can’t we get enough Omega-3 from the foods we eat?
• Why don’t I need to supplement my diet with Omega-6?
• Is it true Omega-3 can promote a healthy heart and cardiovascular system?
• Is there any truth to the statement that fish is "brain food"?
• What can you tell me about the purity and safety of Coromega? I’ve heard that fish oil can contain mercury and other toxins.
• I’m pregnant. I heard that Omega-3 is good for both me and my baby. Is this true?
• Does Omega-3 help my immune system?
• I have always associated fat with cholesterol. Does this product have a lot of cholesterol in it?
• What about flaxseed oil? Isn’t it a good source of Omega-3?
• If I mix my daily dose packet of Coromega with yogurt or juice, will it alter its nutritional value?
• I like my daily dose of Coromega to be cold. Is it a problem if I want to keep my packets in the refrigerator?
• I give my dog fish oil to improve the look and feel of his coat. Does Coromega enhance the look and feel of skin and hair in humans?
• Do you have any books you might suggest about the benefits of adding Omega-3’s to my diet or my children’s diet?

What are Omega-3 Essential Fatty Acids?

Omega-3 fatty acids are important components of cellular and membrane lipids (the chief structural constituents of living cells) that are essential for life and health. Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids are two groups of essential fatty acids (EFAs) that cannot be synthesized by the human body and therefore must be ingested in the foods we eat.* (top)

Can’t we get enough Omega-3 from the foods we eat?

Generally, no. Many researchers believe that the majority of Omega-3 food sources have disappeared from the modern diet. The foods that are now considered "mainstream" are often deficient in Omega-3. Even if your diet includes several meals of fish per week, you may not be ingesting sufficient amounts of Omega-3. This is because much of the fish we consume is now farm raised or does not contain significant amounts of Omega-3. Ideally, your diet should supply at least 650 mg of long chain Omega-3 (DHA + EPA) per day, either from food sources or dietary supplementation. Omega-3 fatty acids are found in deep, cold-water fish, such as salmon, mackerel and sardines.
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Why don’t I need to supplement my diet with Omega-6?

Our diets are already rich in Omega-6 from foods that contain corn, safflower, sunflower or soybean oils. The problem is actually the ratio between Omega-6 and Omega-3. Optimum health is often attained when these two essential fatty acids are found in the appropriate ratio. Most experts recommend a ratio of 4 to 1. However, the intake of Omega-6 to Omega-3 in modern society tends to be disproportionately high (a ratio found to be as high as 30 to 1). Scientists are now encouraging a decrease in the intake of Omega-6 while stressing an increase in the intake of Omega-3.
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Is it true Omega-3 can promote a healthy heart?

Yes, it can through a variety of ways. Research suggests Omega-3 fatty acids help to keep the blood healthy. It is also thought to support a healthy level of blood triglycerides. Omega-3 allows for better circulation of blood by making the red blood cells more elastic and flow more fluidly; thus, helping to maintain overall cardiovascular health.*
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Is there any truth to the statement that fish is "brain food"?

Yes. In fact, the most polyunsaturated of the Omega-3 fatty acids (DHA) makes up a large portion of the gray matter of the brain and neurons, as well as the retina of the eye. Research in the last few years has revealed that diets rich in Omega-3 fatty acids may help promote a healthy emotional balance and positive mood.*
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What can you tell me about the purity and safety of Coromega? I’ve heard that fish oil can contain mercury and other toxins.

We are confident in saying that Coromega is free of toxins and heavy metals. Coromega is manufactured in our state-of-the-art facility using processes that comply with the Good Manufacturing Practices currently proposed for the dietary supplement industry. Using our sophisticated testing methods we assure that the pharmaceutical grade fish oils in Coromega are of the correct composition of fatty acids. Molecular distillation removes any contaminants or toxins, such as mercury or PCB’s. Third party testing validates our findings.
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I’m pregnant. I heard that Omega-3 is good for my baby. Is this true?

It is true. Omega-3, especially DHA, is important in the development and function of the nervous system: the brain and the eyes—especially during the last trimester (last three months) of pregnancy, and the first six months of life. Since it is thought that the unborn baby cannot make sufficient enough amounts of Omega-3 for its rapidly growing brain, these needs must be met by its’ mother. While the mother is breast-feeding, Omega-3 fatty acids are passed to the baby through her milk.* As with any dietary supplement, consult your physician before taking.
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Does Omega-3 help my immune system?

Yes, it does. The Omega-3 fatty acid, EPA, functions as raw material for series-3 prostaglandins (hormone-like substances) that positively benefit immune function.*
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I have always associated fat with cholesterol. Does this product have a lot of cholesterol in it?

No, it does not. Coromega has a negligible amount of cholesterol (8 mg per packet, which is equivalent to 3% of the Daily Value) from the addition of egg yolk (as an emulsifier), in the product.
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What about flaxseed oil? Isn’t it a good source of Omega-3?

Yes. However, it differs from fish oil. The Omega-3 fatty acid found in flaxseed oil is called LNA (alpha-linolenic acid). Once in the body, LNA is usually converted into EPA and DHA. However, the conversion can be inefficient; therefore, you may need to consume considerably more flaxseed oil than fish oil. In addition, fish oil does not have to be converted by the body to provide us with the EPA and DHA, the fish convert them for us.
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If I mix my daily dose packet of Coromega with yogurt or juice, will it alter its nutritional value?

Absolutely not. Coromega is just as effective when mixed with food, as it is when taken alone. In fact, mixing it into food is a great alternative for those who may have reservations about taking fish oil.
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I like my daily dose of Coromega to be cold. Is it a problem if I want to keep my packets in the refrigerator?

Not at all. Of course refrigeration is not necessary to keep your Coromega fresh. But there is no decrease in nutritional value if it is chilled. However, freezing should be avoided, as it will break down the emulsion.
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I give my dog fish oil to improve the look and feel of his coat. Does Coromega enhance the look and feel of skin and hair in humans?

Yes. Omega-3 is commonly added to a pet’s diet to maintain the luster and health of its coat. In humans, research shows that Omega-3 also helps maintain healthy hair and skin. In addition, Omega-3 promotes softer, smoother, firmer skin. It may also help maintain the overall complexion.*
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Do you have any books you might suggest about the benefits of adding Omega-3’s to my diet or my children’s diet?

Below is our suggested reading list on a variety of topics:

The Omega Diet; The Lifesaving Nutritional Program Based on the Diet of the Island of Crete; by Artemis P. Simopoulos, M.D., and Jo Robinson

How To Get Kids to Eat Great & Love It!: Giving Your Children the Gift of Health with Good Nutrition and Supplementation Now and Long Into the New Millennium; by Christine Wood, M.D.

The LCP Solution: The Remarkable Nutritional Treatment for ADHD, Dyslexia & Dyspraxia; by B. Jacqueline Stordy, Ph.D., and Malcolm J. Nicholl

Syndrome X - The Complete Nutritional Program To Prevent and Reverse Insulin Resistance; by Jack Challem, Burton Berkson, M.D., and Melissa Diane Smith.

Preventing Alzheimer's: Ways to Prevent, Delay or Halt Alzheimer's and Other Forms of Memory Loss; by William Rodman Shankle, M.S., M.D. and Daniel G. Amen, M.D.

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*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease

Coromega Child Brain and Body

Coromega Child Brain and Body is a high DHA** fish oil supplement which tastes like delicious lemon-lime and has absolutely no fishy taste or aftertaste! Each pouch contains a specially formulated High DHA Omega-3 formula to support your child’s optimum health.

Formulated with 200 mg DHA and 36 mg EPA. A 5:1 ratio designed to match that of breast milk, so Coromega® children will receive the best and most natural omega-3 nutrition possible!*

For more information visit www.Coromega.com, or order online from Coromega online store here.
For Children over 4. This product was manufactured/ packaged in an NSF GMP Registered Facility

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INGREDIENTS: SAFFLOWER OIL, FISH OIL, WATER, PASTEURIZED EGG YOLK, ASCORBIC ACID, NATURAL LEMON LIME FLAVOR, STEVIA LEAF EXTRACT, VEGETABLE OIL, SODIUM ASCORBATE, CITRIC ACID, POTASSIUM SORBATE, SODIUM BENZOATE, NATURAL MIXED TOCOPHEROLS, XANTHAN GUM, MENTHOL, TURMERIC ROOT EXTRACT, CHLOROPHYLL

*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.
** Contains 200mg of DHA per serving, which is 125% of the 160mg Daily Value for DHA

Source: www.coromega.com